Easy and Quick Homemade Silly Putty Recipes

Silly Putty was invented in 1943 when an engineer accidentally dropped boric acid into silicone oil. It made its big debut at the International Toy Fair in New York in 1950, packaged in plastic eggs to be sold as an Easter novelty item. Since then, Silly Putty has remained a popular science toy! While you probably dont have the ingredients to make the original Silly Putty polymer, there are a couple of silly putty recipes that use common household ingredients. Silly Putty Recipe #1 The first recipe is a stiff type of slime that resemble putty: 1/4 cup glue3/8 cup water (1/4 cup water plus 1/8 cup water)1 tablespoon borax 1. Mix together 1/4 cup glue and 1/4 cup water. Add food coloring if you want colored Silly Putty. 2. In a separate container, dissolve 1 tablespoon borax in 1/8 cup water. 3. Stir the borax mixture and glue mixture together to make the putty. If the Silly Putty is too sticky, you can add more borax one teaspoon at a time to stiffen the mixture. Silly Putty Recipe #2 This recipe relies on polymerization between starch and glue. This recipe produces putty with a nice workable consistency: 1/4 cup liquid starch1/4 cup glue 1. Mix the liquid starch and glue together. Add food coloring, if desired. 2. If the Silly Putty is too sticky, add more liquid starch until you get the consistency you want. How to Store Homemade Silly Putty There are many fun activities to try with the putty, plus you can keep it for later use. Store homemade Silly Putty in a sealed plastic container. Putting the container in the refrigerator helps prevent mold from growing on the putty.

History the Triangle Fire Essay - 2608 Words

Eleonore Constant Fall 2011 History 162 Modern America Dr. Bittel PAPER OPTION #1 The Triangle Fire The terrible fire that revealed a harsh reality to the world Nowadays, it is almost impossible to find a building that does not have exit signs or fire extinguishers in America. Whether in a university or at the work place, exit signs and fire safety instructions can easily be found by anybody. Fire drills are regularly practiced to ensure the least amount of casualty will occur if something goes wrong. However, a hundred years ago safety issues were barely taken into considerations and safety regulations were most of the time inexistent, as illustrates the terrible fire that happened a hundred years ago at the Triangle†¦show more content†¦Nowadays, fire extinguishers would be found in any kind of factory, especially in a garment factory. However none where to be found in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, â€Å"An order had gone out to install automatic sprinklers in factories, but the manufacturers had organized to fight it because I meant so great an expenditure.† (Argersinger, 105). Employers were looking for ways to make as much savings as possible to maximize their profits instead of ensuring a minimum level of security for their workers. Even after the terrible tragedy happened, the new building the Triangle Waist Company used was not even fire proof and â€Å"the firm had already blocked the exit to the fire escape by two rows of sewing machines† (Argersinger, 105). The previous building where the fire had happened would only undergo a few repairs and re-open in the same condition it was in before the fire. This illustrates how the owners of the company did not care much about the safety of their factories, thus it comes as no surprise that the working conditions the shirtwaist makers had to endure were also terrible. The hard working conditions in the factories at that time was another reason why the Triangle Fire was an inevitable tragedy doomed to happen one day or another. Although working in factories had long been reserved to men, the fast growing industrialism allowed women to get out of their home to go work in factories.Show MoreRelatedThe Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire Essay example1460 Words   |  6 Pagesfollowing is a short excerpt of those who fought and died due to the Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire. â€Å"The â€Å"Triangle† Company†¦ With blood this name will be written in the history of the American workers’ movement, and with feel will this history recall the names of the strikers of this shop—of the crusaders.†Ã¢â‚¬â€ Jewish Daily Forward (Drehle) On March 25, 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire broke out. Proper workers’ rights and fire prevention installations were not in place or were not followedRead More Triangle: The Fire that Changed America Essay1615 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The ‘Triangle’ company, â€Å"With blood this name will be written in the history of the American workers’ movement, and with feeling will this history recall the names of the strikers of this shop- of the crusaders† (Von Drehle 86). Even before it happen, the Forward predicted the terrible disaster of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory that occurred one year, one month, and seventeen days later (86). Triangle: The Fire that Changed America, by David Von Drehle tells the story of the horrible fire. DavidRead MoreTriangle: The Fire That Changed America Essay1282 Words   |  6 PagesOn the afternoon of March 25, 1911, a fire broke out in the 10-floor Asch Building, a block east of Manhattans Washington Square. This is where 500 mostly young immigrant girls were producing shirts for the Triangle Shirtwaist Company. Within minutes, it spread to consume the buildings upper three stories. Firemen at the scene were unable to rescue those trapped inside: their ladders werent tall enough. Exits were locked, and the narrow fire escapes were inadequate. Panicked, many jumped fromRead MoreEssay about Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire1676 Words   |  7 Pagesand disaster did strike in March, 1911. The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York set on fire, killing 146 workers. This is an important event in US history because it helped accomplish the tasks unions and strikes had tried to accomplish years earlier, It improved working conditions in factories nationwide and set new safety laws and regulations so that nothing as catastrophic would happen again. The workplace struggles became public after this fire, and the work industry would never remain theRead MoreThe Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Worker Policies1699 Words   |  7 Pagesindustrialization where there was the development of factory system and mass production, and the increasing growth rate population. While this transformation may have provided many benefits to Americans, it also carried negative results. For instance, The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory, located in Manhattan, New York City, managed by Max Blanck and Isaac Harris, sold shirtwaists, an immensely popular necessity that every women desired to have in their closet. Since Blanck and Harris were known for operating theRead MoreTriangle: the Fire That Changed America Essay1432 Words   |  6 Pagescourse of history. On March 25, 1911, one such event took place. The infamous Triangle Shirtwaist Fire occurred that day, and left one hundred and for ty-six people dead in its wake. While many at the time thought the story would soon pass, and with it all the potential bad publicity, the story of the fire spread quickly, and outraged many people. As a result, the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire ended up changing many business and political practices of the time. In his book Triangle: The Fire that ChangedRead MoreDon t Dwell On The Inner Darkness Of Yourself887 Words   |  4 Pagesoffice. Many people questioned my bold personality some accused me of bigotry. Me? Teddy Roosevelt? I prefer to be known as â€Å"TR†, the President to be known in history (1901-1909) as â€Å"The American Lion.† Our new President brought passion and power to the office, courageously leading the American people and Congress toward progressive reforms in history. Presidency power should be utilized to fight for what’s right, in taking any action necessary for the good of the people. I didn’t once agree with anyoneRead More The Triangle Fire Essay1186 Words   |  5 Pages In an era of a rising unionization, The Triangle Fire, calligraphy written my Leon Stein, describes one of the worst industrial disasters in the nation’s history that ended up killing 146 of the 500 Triangle Shirtwaist Company employees, which happened to be female immigrant workers. These immigrants came to the United States with their families in search for a better life. Instead they found themselves working long hours only to receive low wages along with horrendous working circumstances withRead MoreThe Tragedy Of August 25 By Max Blanck And Isaac Harris1426 Words   |  6 PagesThe tragedy of March 25, 1911 was a crucial turning point and important era of awareness of worker powerlessness during the age of early American industrialization. The fir e that consumed the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory remains a haunting memory for this nation. The fates of innocent workers sent a wave of grief throughout the entire nation. The victims died as a result of a serious neglect for safety features within the facility and brought widespread attention to the dangerous working conditionsRead MoreBook Review of Triangle: The Fire That Changed America1473 Words   |  6 PagesTriangle: The Fire That Changed America New York: First Grove Press David Von Drehle 2003 Book Review 1. Did the author make a complete and honest analysis of the topic? This book is about the fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York City in March, 1911. The factory claimed the lives of 146 women and men, mostly young women, during the 30 minutes that the fire blazed. It is still the largest industrial disaster that has ever happened in New York City. The author of the book writes

Study Of The Term Gifted In America History Essay Free Essays

The earliest known reference of the term gifted in America can be traced back to 1868. It was in St. Louis in 1868 that the overseer of schools in St. We will write a custom essay sample on Study Of The Term Gifted In America History Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Louis made attempts to addressed the instruction of talented pupils. In 1901 a school in Worster, Massachusetts was the first school to offer a particular school for the gifted. Curiously plenty, the following important development in the history of the gifted in America must get down in Europe, as the developments there had an impact upon the capable affair of the history of the gifted in America. In 1905, two Gallic research workers, Binet-Simon, created a method of analyzing higher mental processes.2 The Binet-Simon â€Å" trial was used to assist place school-aged kids who were mentally retarded. â€Å" 3 After the Binet-Simon trial in France, three major developments in the history of the gifted in America occurred from 1916-1918. The first of the three major developments occurred in 1916. Though the capable affair of this paper, the â€Å" History of Gifted in America, † evidently involves the gifted in America, it must get down with this European milepost of the work competed in France because the Binet-Simon trial, â€Å" the first practical intelligence graduated table † 4, would be subsequently revised by an American research worker by the name of Lewis Terman, who is otherwise known as the â€Å" male parent † of the talented instruction movement.5 The alteration would subsequently be known as the Stanford-Binet trial in 1916.6 The alteration of the Binet-Simon trial by Terman resulted in the celebrated nomenclature, I. Q. or intelligence quotient. The following major development in the history of the gifted in America involves the Great War. After being thrust into the mist of the Great War by the Zimmerman Note, a finding was made by military functionaries in America to use two trials â€Å" to measure the aptitude of nonreader, untaught, or non-English speech production conscripts and voluntaries, † for the war,7 ( of which Lewis Terman played a cardinal function as well.8 ) In 1917, the alpha and the Beta trials were used by the armed forces. Harmonizing to a web site entitled ASVAB, â€Å" In 1917-1918, the Army alpha and Beta trials were developed so that military commanding officers could hold some step of the ability of their forces. The Army Alpha was a group-administered trial that measured verbal ability, numerical ability, ability to follow waies, and cognition of information. The Army Beta was a non-verbal opposite number of the Army Alpha. â€Å" 9 The 3rd major accomplishment I the field of the gifted in America occurred in 1918. It was in 1918 that Lulu Stedman established an â€Å" chance room † for talented pupils within the University Training School at the Southern Branch of the University of California. â€Å" 10 During the mid-twentiess, four achievements contributed to the development of the history of the gifted in America. With the end of helping in the creative activity of a system of meritocracy, which is a â€Å" societal order based on graded degrees of native ability † ,11 in 1921Lewis Terman conducted the longest running longitudinal survey of about 1500 pupils. Terman ‘s intent for carry oning the survey was to confute the belief â€Å" that gifted kids were underdeveloped in nonintellectual countries. â€Å" 12 Ultimately, Terman concluded that talented kids excelled in academic countries and were emotionally secure.13 The 2nd development in the country of the gifted in America occurred one twelvemonth subsequently. In 1922, Leta Hollingsworth of Columbia University, an advocator for working with talented pupils in New York, opened an â€Å" Opportunity category in P.S. 165 in New York City † 14. The following two events concerned publications of the two rese arch workers mentioned supra. In 1925 Lewis Terman published Genetic Studies of Genius which concluded that â€Å" a ) qualitatively different in schools, B ) somewhat better physically and emotionally in comparing to normal pupils, degree Celsius ) higher-up in academic topics in comparing to the mean pupils, vitamin D ) emotionally stable, e ) most successful when instruction and household values were held in high respect by the household, and degree Fahrenheit ) boundlessly variable in combination with the figure of traits exhibited by those in the studyaˆÂ ¦ † 15 The 2nd work was published by Leta Hollingsworth in 1926. Hollingsworth ‘s work was entitled the Gifted Child: Their Nature and Raising and was considered the first text edition on talented instruction. Ten old ages subsequently Hollingsworth established P.S. 500, the Speyer School which was focused upon supplying instruction for gifted Children.16 Though a handful of research workers were working hard to convey attending to the gifted in America, the beginning of the Cold War would catapult the issue of the gifted in America to the head of many of the issues confronting the state in the 1950s and catapult the American authorities into the treatment of the gifted in America. In 1950 J.P. Guilford challenged â€Å" an scrutiny of intelligence as a multidimensional concept † , and the â€Å" National Science foundation Act provid ( erectile dysfunction ) federal support for research and instruction in mathematics, physical scientific discipline, and technology. â€Å" 17 In 1954, the â€Å" National association of Gifted kids † was established under the leading of ann Issacs, in add-on to the determination of Brown v. Board of Education which ended the â€Å" separate but equal † philosophy in education.18 after the successful launching of the Sputnick ballistic capsule in 1957 by the Union of Soviet Social ist Republics, the United States was forced to concentrate its attending on its â€Å" human capital † and the province of instruction in America. The United States began to pass big amounts of capital in an effort to place â€Å" the brightest and gifted pupils who would outdo net income from an advanced math, scientific discipline, and engineering. â€Å" 19 the following twelvemonth, the â€Å" National Defense Education Act † signaled the first full graduated table enterprise by the federal authorities in the country of the gifted in America.20 In 1972 the Marland Report issued a formal definition of giftedness and suggested that schools adopt a definition which would include academic and rational endowment in add-on to leading ability, ocular ability and psychomotor ability.21 In 1974, the â€Å" Office of the Gifted and Talented † was given official status.22 Approximately ten old ages subsequently another study, issued by the Secretary of the Department of Education declared that the United States of America was at hazard due to a â€Å" rising tide of averageness that threatens the really hereafter of the country.23 In 1988 a strong advocate of the gifted in America, United States Senator Jacob Javitz was recognized in an passage which, bearing his name sought to supply capital for research â€Å" into the best schemes to assist talented pupils † in America and by placing â€Å" pupils from hapless backgrounds, non-English † talking backgrounds and ‘the disabled to take part in talented instr uction. â€Å" 24 Ten old ages after the â€Å" State at Risk † study issued by the United States Department of Education, another study was issued by the United States Department of Education entitled â€Å" National Excellence † . In this 1993 study sketch how America neglected talented pupils in the state and offered some recommendations on how to proceed.25 In 1998, â€Å" the National association for Gifted Children published a papers entitled â€Å" Pre-K-Grade 12 Gifted Plan Standards † to supply counsel in seven cardinal countries to plan helping gifted and talented pupils † 26 Finally, in the Twenty first century the â€Å" No Child Left behind statute law was enacted. This jurisprudence efficaciously reauthorizes the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. â€Å" The Javitz plan is included in NCLB, and expanded to offer competitory statewide grants. † The definition of the term gifted was modified. How to cite Study Of The Term Gifted In America History Essay, Essay examples

Academic Life and Achievements Personal Statement

Question: Describe about the Academic Life and Achievements for Personal Statement. Answer: Academic Life and achievements until date Advanced Diploma in Mental Health Management Level 4 GSCs in 1988 Alvels in 1989 Worked as Care Support Care Assistant for the last 8 years and completed mandatory training Holds NVQ 2 and NVQ 3 in care I would like to apply for Mental Health Nursing course from well-recognized university. I have prior experience of eight complete years as care support care Assistant. I have even completed mandatory training while working that made me understand the roles and responsibilities in better ways. I am applying for Mental Health Nursing Course as I find interest in these subjects and completed Advanced Diploma in Mental Health Management. Healthcare system is one of the important topics in present society. I would like to apply for Mental Health Nursing Course that will give an edge over others and wide opportunities in the recent situation. It is important to understand the fact that serving patients and understanding their mental health will help in gaining people skill management for future analysis purpose. Mental Health Care Nursing With increased aging population as well as demand, mental health care become my career choices for entering well-known University. This will be my excell ent career options in healthcare management, as I will get opportunity in showing my talent in effective and efficient way. I always believe in helping others in need and this quality will help me in serving patients in required way. Healthcare management is one of the main career focuses of individuals that run business side of medical as well as nursing facility. Healthcare management will render many opportunities in running hospitals in desired form. Strengths According to me, I have little strength that makes me eligible for entering into well-recognized university. I have essential transferrable skills and adjusting attitude towards adapting to a given work environment and understand people skills, planning skills as well as communication skills at the same time. After working for 8 years, I have realized that I was hardworking and believe in completing work on specified time. I am friendly in nature, love listening to others, and help them in time of need. This attitude is essential for serving patients and course work at mental health care system. I have the ability in working under no supervision and expressive as well as punctual. I also have the knowledge-based skills as I have pursued necessary courses before hand for gaining credentials and associated recognition. I hold an NVQ2 and NVQ3 that make me eligible for the courses that I show interest in. Weakness As all other human beings, I too have certain weakness and try everyday in reducing it as far as possible. I analyze some of my weakness and listing the same: I believe in completing my work in perfect way. This is time-consuming. I cannot concentrate in any other work until my work is over in perfect manner. By doing this, I spoil my health by continuous effort made for reaching level of perfection. According to me, it is my weakness in not letting go any work in casual way. I think health is equally important that should be taken care off. By working day and night for reaching perfection, health is adversely affected and my family members are tensed for that. I am working hard to complete work on time and spend quality time with friends and families as well. I am trying hard to minimize the weakness as far as possible. I am too attached with persons and emotionally am laid off. This attitude will damage my work as I had to handle people during course and future cases given to me. I work hard to get emotionally strong in matters and trying my best for overcoming it on quick basis. After pointing out my strengths and weakness in elaborative way, I would like to address on points that career in Mental Health Care Management will give opportunity in serving society as a whole. I would like to work out of full dedication as I did before in these eight years. As a care support assistant, I had to handle people complaints and listen to them with ultimate solution at the same time. Work Experience I have 8 years work experience as Care Support Assistant Mature Students After completing education Advanced Diploma in Mental Health Management Level 4, I have completed mandatory training. Future Coursework and Plans My future course plan will be relating to mental health care system. I will continue in this particular field as entire course learned are based upon this. I will have wide variety of job opportunities after the course work in mental health care system. I will love to continue job in healthcare management or administration. It will render variety of career paths as well as options in interesting work and salary ranges. It depends upon the level of education and prior work experience at the same time. I would like to serve patients at topmost hospitals with the knowledge gained during lifetime. By continuous hard work, I look myself at topmost position as owning hospitals and serves best interest of patients care system as far as possible. This mainly includes planning as well as coordination of medical and health services. It mainly directly towards facilities, personnel management as well as day-to-day operations in desired form. This position will require handling responsibilities and managing people at hospital. I feel that Personnel Management side of mental hospital is the most challenging work. In future, I would like to use my strengths in practical course of action and try hard in minimizing weakness so that I have edge over others and has the ability in serving society as a whole. I would like to handle people in desired way and responsible in helping them in time of need. I would like to continue my studies as I have prior experience in care support area and nurture my existing talent in the most appropriate way.

Environmental Ethics Land Ethic and the Platform of Deep Ecology

Introduction Environmental issues have for a long time now been discussed and debated all over the world. The twenty-first century call for a reconsideration of the approaches through which environmental concerns that affect the planet earth as well as the societies in it are dealt with (Bunnin 517). People of the world have been called upon to embrace those practices that will ensure sustainable development so as not to compromise the survival of both the present and future generations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Ethics: Land Ethic and the Platform of Deep Ecology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Attfield defines environmental ethics as the study of ethics of the day to day interactions of human beings with their environment and their impacts on the systems of nature (15). This essay discusses the connections between Leopold’s â€Å"Land ethic† and the platform of deep ecology an d their appropriateness to environment ethics. The usefulness of these connections to two current issues of environmental concern is presented. Leopold’s â€Å"Land Ethic† Leopold’s ‘Land Ethic’ that was introduced in 1949 defined a new dimension of understanding the relationship between human beings and the natural environment and paved the way for the present day professional conservationists movement (Jamieson 204). These conservationists are concerned with anthropogenic pollution of water and air by harmful industrial wastes, alarming decline in the number of species, deliberate extinction of species as well as the introduction of new species in new habitats. According to Leopold, ethics have undergone significant growth in scope and complexity over the past 3,000 years in western civilization. In ecological terms, ethics refers to the limitation on freedom of action in the struggle for existence while philosophers define it as a differentiation of social from anti-social conduct (Jamieson 205). He believed that ethics are meant to guide individuals to unite for the common good. Leopold is credited for arguing that ‘community’ ought to include both human and non-human elements in the environment like waters, animals, plants, and soils which may be referred generally from an ecological perspective as land. The land is to be loved and accorded respect as an extension of ethics (Jamieson 208). Human beings, therefore, have a great responsibility of protecting and preserving the land in the larger context. Leopold summarized the evolution of ethics as presented by Darwin by stating that all ethics so far advanced are underpinned upon one major premise: that the individual belongs to a larger community whose parts are interdependent (Jamieson 208). Land, therefore, is a community to which man belongs and not a commodity owned by human beings, and hence all are members of the biotic community. The ever increasing hu man population has been identified as a major threat (unethical) to the biotic community (Jamieson 210). The land ethic in the time of a changing science of ecology has been a major topic for discussion. Ecologically, Leopold argued that nature should be at static equilibrium but this has not been possible due to disturbance and perturbation, especially those stirred by human beings (Jamieson 214).Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The shift in contemporary ecology to a more dynamic paradigm raises concerns of whether the concept of land ethic is still real in the modern world. Over the past decades, there has been a paradigm shift from a static equilibrium of nature to the â€Å"flux of nature† in ecology. Many have been left questioning the validity of the land ethic. When putting across his idea of environmental conservation and preservation, Leopold was aware of t he implications of his words in a dynamic, ever changing biota (Jamieson 214). This is because the words used literally mean to â€Å"arrest change.† This tension was addressed by the introduction of concept of scale which includes rate (temporal) and scope (spatial) when used in ecology. Leopold argued that evolutionary changes ought to be slow and localized but the invention of sophisticated tools by man has facilitated changes at unprecedented rapidity, violence, as well as scope (Jamieson 214). In his opinion, Leopold believed that man was an ordinary member and citizen of the land community and just equal to other members of the community. However, he argued that man was a moral species and could deliberate ethically and make conscientious choices. Hence, they are endowed with an obligation of caring for the rest of the land-community. A Critical Position Having elaborated on the concept of land ethic as put forward by Aldo Leopold, it is worthy giving a critique of his arguments. His propositions have a scientific basis and cannot be dismissed as being naà ¯ve claims. The coming into existence of ecology which is concerned with the study of the complex relationships between the diverse species and their natural habitats reinforced the tenet of the land ethic. The suggestion put forward by Leopold’s on the need to extend the human community to incorporate the non-human aspects of the world is wise and acceptable (Callicort 15). None can ignore the interrelatedness of these dimensions of nature. In order to preserve the ecological stability of nature, there is need to promote sustainable co-existence among the members of land. Throughout the history of the world, ethical consciousness has undergone change with the advancement of our species. In terms of the position of human beings in the land community, Leopold wants all to be regarded as equal members of the community. This may sound controversial but I think clarification given is accepta ble.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Ethics: Land Ethic and the Platform of Deep Ecology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Human beings are not in any way degraded to the same moral level as non-human components, instead man is expanding his boundaries to include the rest of nature into his community since man is a moral agent (Callicort 17). The challenge here is a situation where man is treated in the same way as non-human members as was the case with slaves during colonial period. The arguments presented by Leopold can play a crucial role when it comes to sustainable use of available ‘resources’ by man. His intention is not to prevent man from making use of the resources but to make human beings aware of the fact that these non-human components of nature have a right to continue existing. This is evidenced by the fact that if man’s advancements in various spheres are not check ed, he has the potential of altering the entire natural order of the world. Nuclear wastes, ever rising temperatures, mass extinction of species, among other catastrophic phenomena can have significant impacts on the human and non-human components of the community. In general, Leopold’s land ethic was designed to restrain the civilized man’s impact on other species and natural environment at large. Application to a Current Issue In the quest to promote environmental ethics in the U.S., a number of conflicts have been experienced over the decades between conservationists and those having reservations on the ideas championed by the environmental professionals. Dr. Ivar Giaever, the 1973 winner of the Nobel Prize in physics resigned on September 13, 2011, from his position annoyed by the society’s official statement of policy that â€Å"global warming is occurring† (Hayward). He accused global warming crusaders and politicians as being money-hungry individua ls ready to exploit unsuspecting American citizens. Giaever believed that there is no scientific evidence to show that global warming was occurring and that its effects, if at all there is any, would be devastating. In his resignation letter, he criticized the claims that greenhouse gas emissions were changing the atmospheric conditions and hence affecting the planet earth’s climate. He said that any changes in the world are natural and human activity should not be blamed. He also argued that data showing the extinction of polar bear were forged by known scientists. Although he agreed that the climatic changes could have and will occur, Giaever was perturbed by those out to con people by politicizing science. The sentiments aired by this scientist represent the opinions of many on how man interacts with nature. The critical question provoked by Giaever is what the real intentions of the conservationists and politicians are when they seem to champion for a better world.Adverti sing Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Is it the love of money? Is it out of their desire for a balanced land-community or ecosystem? Calls to reverse the trend of climate change may best be understood if Leopold’s arguments are brought into focus. Perhaps, the passionate feelings expressed by Dr. Giaever and other like-minded individuals could be that they have never imagined that the non-human beings can be accorded moral standing. If that be the case, then they are still embracing the traditional Western systems of ethics. The Platform of Deep Ecology The term â€Å"deep ecology† came into existence in the early 1970s but its usage has ever since spread to the international environment movement platform (Jamieson 218). Naess, the pioneer of the term highlighted seven principles of deep ecology. These are: metaphysics of inter-relatedness, an ethos of biospherical egalitarianism, the values of diversity and symbiosis, an anti-class posture, opposition to pollution and depletion of resources, the value of complexity, and an emphasis on local autonomy and decentralization (Jamieson 218). These principles point toward a cohesive ecological world-view, and to some of the ethical and political implications of such a view of the world (Jamieson 219). Deep ecology, therefore, implies that the whole world is interrelated to its ontological depths. While explaining the principles, Naess adopted an ecological world-view. He pointed out that the first principle shows that no individual is independent of the other members of the world or reality, but part of the whole. Thus reality should be seen as relational as opposed to aggregative in nature. Then there is the interrelatedness of all forms of life which have equal right to live and blossom. The principles of diversity and symbiotic relationship are at the core of ecology since they facilitate the enjoyment the other entitlements. All other non-ecological forms resulting from exploitation and suppression are to be discouraged as pointed out by the next principle (Jamieson 219). Pollution and exploitation should then be fought since it leads to resource depletion. However, the war against pollution should be fought in such a way that it does not exacerbate class differences. Appeal to ecological thinking by embracing the value of complexity is also a critical principle. Finally, local autonomy as opposed to decentralization is to be promoted so as to enhance the integrity of individuals as well as the systems (Jamieson 219). A Critical Position This notion of the relationship/interrelatedness between human beings and nature is connected to Leopold’s â€Å"Land ethics† as they both advocate for some sort of unity between the human and non-human. The perspective from which the world is to be viewed from deep ecology is in great contrast with the classical point of view. In the past centuries, the world was viewed from mechanistic dimensions as consisting of independent entities; the physical world governed b y blind laws of physics. Society, on the other hand, was seen as consisting of thinking beings guided by the ‘blind’ law of self-interest. According to the new world view, this perspective was too parochial and totally against the order of ecological systems. The old conception of reality resulted in the setting aside of man as being morally superior to other members of reality on the basis of being endowed with the mind. It was actually in contrast to both the principles of deep ecology as well as Leopold’s land ethic. If the principles are correctly applied, then the proper understanding of the interrelatedness of reality would be achieved. Adhering to the teachings of the past on reality will only serve to create opportunities for exploitation and suppression of the other members of the community. Current Issue Azzoni reported on Monday, November 21, 2011 that Chevron was fined $28 million for not preventing oil spillage off the Rio de Jenairo coast. This was after an investigative report indicated that the oil spill could have been averted were it not for lack of precaution by the company. Conservationists and the national government jointly condemned the unfortunate phenomenon. All of them accused the company of environmental crime and posing a great threat to the ecosystem. It was established that the company’s emergency workforce was very slow in response, taking nearly 10 hours before taking action on the matter. The clean-up process took even a longer period due to lack of appropriate equipment. From the article, it is evident that people are very much concerned with the need to take care of the environment including the waters and biodiversity. This demonstrates a strong sense of ecology both from the government and the citizens in Brazil. In applying the principles of deep ecology, albeit without knowing, the concerned parties accused the company of negligence in their duties as well as the risk of polluting the environmen t. In their judgment, the entire sea life was at risk due to suffocation caused by spilled oil. Recreational activities in the affected areas would also have to be suspended until proper cleaning is done. It is this awareness that caused outrage from all sides against Chevron Company. Conclusion This essay has discussed the connections between Leopold’s â€Å"Land ethic† and the platform of Deep Ecology and their appropriateness to environment ethics. Literature on each of the topic has been summarized. The paper has also constructed a critical position and potential challenges associated with the two topics. The usefulness of these connections to two current issues of environmental concern has been presented. The issue of global warming in America and recent oil spillage in Brazil as discussed in two separate articles has been critically analyzed in relation to the two topics. Land ethics and deep ecology, therefore, are critical areas in the study of environmental et hics and should be embraced by all. Works Cited Attfield, Robin. Environmental Ethics: An Overview for the Twenty-First Century. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003, 1- 78. Azzoni, Tales. â€Å"Brazil fines Chevron in $28 million for oil spill.† Environment News. Retrieved from https://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/article/Brazil-to-fine-Chevron-28-million-for-oil-spill-2281469.php Bunnin, Nicholas and Tsui-James, E. P. (eds). The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy  (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2003, 517-527. Callicort, Baaird J. In Defense of the Land Ethic: Essays in Environmental Philosophy. SUNY Press, 1989, 15-17. Hayward, John. â€Å"Nobel Laureate Resigns over Global Warming Dogma.† Fox News, September 15, 2011. Retrieved from https://humanevents.com/2011/09/15/nobel-laureate-resigns-over-global-warming-dogma/ Jamieson, Dale (ed). A Companion to Environmental Philosophy. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2003, 204-219. This essay on Environmental Ethics: Land Ethic and the Platform of Deep Ecology was written and submitted by user Elin Vance to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The End of The Indie Gold Rush -- A guest post for Bookmachine

The End of The Indie Gold Rush A guest post for Bookmachine The End of The Indie Gold Rush? A guest post for Bookmachine I was invited to guest post for Bookmachine and decided to dig deeper in the point made by Kristine Kathryn Rush that we might be at the end of the indie gold rush, if there ever was one. Here’s to starting the year on a positive note!An ALCS survey in the UK  last summer crystallised industry concerns about whether career authorship is a viable profession these days. The report painted a somewhat grim picture for professional and part-time authors alike–regardless of whether those authors publish traditionally or independently. (For a crash-course on the industry landscape, I recommend Kristine Kathryn Rush’s exhaustive report on â€Å"things indies learned in 2014†.)The question now is, has the indie â€Å"Gold Rush† passed? Is success finite, and has it been mined to depletion?I don’t believe so.In fact, I’m convinced we’ll see many more indie success stories over the next few years–maybe even more than the ones weâ €™ve witnessed so far. The â€Å"Gold Rush† ends when there is no more gold left, or no way to get to it. That’s not the case here. The problem today is that there are too many people who want to find it, and perhaps not enough of them willing to do the hard work it takes to strike it rich.Read the whole post over at Bookmachine!

Planning and Development - 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Planning and Development - 1 - Essay Example He aimed at limiting the number of people moving from rural or small towns to major cities, he lamented that such migrations led to overpopulation in major cities, which in turn compromised accommodation and other social amenities. He also proposed that each rural district was to have a single garden town managed by private corporations. This would enable the middle or low class individuals in industrial estates have better residential spaces rather than staying in a dormitory suburb that could barely accommodate 30,000 people. It is worth clarifying that Howard was not a designer, he only did drawings which were clearly labeled ‘diagram only’ to avoid confusions. He stated in his book that such drawings would only be called plans after the site is already selected. And the drawings portrayed his personal beliefs on how a good city should be developed, but he incorporated his engineering and architectural skills in his thoughts (Howard, 1898). He tried to convince commer cial developers that his idea was both economical and socially feasible. He later found Town and Country Planning Association that incorporated environmental conservation principles in construction designs and implementations. He combined efforts with Henry Harvey and co-partnership housing movement which attracted sufficient funding to start Letch worth Garden city in the northern part of London. Later Welwyn Garden city was started, immediately after World War II. His fame increased when he partnered with German architects to produce more human or social friendly designs in the residential construction sector. Germans also adopted the garden city plans and constructed one in Hellerau. Howards plans were used in several parts of developed nations. However, his idea was greatly opposed my some reporters due to some reasons. This work would discuss Times reporters objecting Howards planning ideas due to some reasons. Part 1: Limitations of Howard’s plans The times reporter tho ught Howard never included a population increase in his idea. Population rise is a common or natural phenomenon that should be incorporated into any project plan meant to serve human needs. The reported specifically argue that a single garden city can only handle about 32,000 people. This number is likely to be exceeded when more people migrate from rural to industrial estates in search of employment; furthermore, the industries are also likely to expand their operations to absorb more workers in both the companies and industrial estates. The reporter further argues the beauty of a residential estate is to accommodate all people in need and not the aesthetic beauty as taught by Howard. The reporter gives an example of Parkland and North Adelaide developments that were ruined by population overspill. From his drawings, Howard only focused on structures but nothing to do with the management both liquid and solid domestic wastes. In other words he only incorporated the engineering and architectural principles without considering the aspects of public health. The reporter laments that a normal human must produce some wastes that must be well managed for human health purposes. Howard plans need some amendments that would indicate the respective positions or locations of washroom facilities. The reporter who must consult some engineers, architectures and public health officers argue that it is recommended that a wash room should be placed some meters away from

Marketing a New Philosophy of Management Research Paper

Marketing a New Philosophy of Management - Research Paper Example The end of this study will find several considerable results. Its possible outcome involves significant improvement in the knowledge and understanding of most modern concepts of marketing. The study will give a new direction to future training and research work within the field of marketing. Over the years the marketing concept has certainly grown in popularity and status, finding application as a generic business philosophy in a wide range of contexts. However, the concept itself has remained essentially unchanged. A new concept of marketing encourages firms to have a posh name in order to succeed in today’s competition. Despite the often devout adherence to the concept as a normative pillar, in recent years writers such as Houston and Gassenheimer have challenged the marketing concept, arguing that much marketing activity is in fact about the forestalling of competition and the supremacy of markets, not consumer autonomy. (Wensley, 2005) Others have raised doubts about its role in improving the competitiveness of organizations. On the basis of empirical evidence, they have suggested that the implementation of the marketing concept has actually undefined competitiveness. These authors were among the first to question, perhaps unfairly, the value of the marketing concept. (Hooley and Lynch, 2003) But, the key point to which they helped to draw our attention was that the implementation of the marketing concept was becoming the Achilles heel of the discipline. In the absence of clear guidelines about how to put it into practice and make it effective, that which was left was little more than vacuous rhetoric. ( Samli, Palda, and Barker, 2008). This paper argues for the continued development and reappraisal of the marketing concept of something having a posh name. The main point is that the marketing concept, as it is often written about, assumes many of the characteristics of an ideology or an article of faith.

Compose own question Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Compose own question - Literature review Example In general, this study presumes that the potential success of Shangri-la hotel was very much dependent on the company’s ability to meet the needs and wants of prospective clients. Therefore, this study aims to address the following research questions: (1) What are the branding strategies currently being used by Shangri-la hotel?; (2) How does Shangri-la hotel benefit from its branding strategies?; and (3) What is the significance of brand positioning and branding within the modern international tourism industry? Chapter II – Literature Review 2.1 Current Branding Strategies of Shangri-la Hotel First of all, it is essential to take note that the target customers of Shangri-la are the influential people who are able to pay first-rate price for its food and lodging services. Meaning, this particular hotel company has positioned its brand as one that offers luxury hotel products and services (Shangri-La, 2013a). This explains why Shangri-la continuously serve the best quali ty products and maintains its stylish, modern, and motivational architectural and interior design (Shangri-La, 2013c). As a result, Shangri-la created a competitive advantage which allows them to charge its customers with hotel accommodation fee much higher than the fee of other hotels worldwide (Schmitt and Rogers, 2008, p. 79). Generally, multinational companies such as Shangri-la uses a global advertising strategy as part of their global campaigns (Jiang and Wei, 2012). To establish and reinforce Shangri-la’s brand image, the top management of this particular hotel group uses either social networking sites or e-mail when advertising and promoting their special offers on bridal packages among others (Facebook, 2013). In some cases, Shangri-la has posted its special offers on bridal magazines (Shangri-La, 2013d). Customers’ satisfaction is strongly influenced by its brand image. In most cases, customers who are satisfied with what they receive from the hotel may end u p developing a stronger brand recognition and eventually remain loyal to the brand (Clottey, Collier and Stodnick, 2008). To bring high quality service, Shangri-la offers important training and development programme for the benefit of its employees (Shangri-La, 2013e). Not all people can afford the high price of Shangri-la’s accommodation rate. Associated to the brand of Shangri-la, this particular hotel company created a separate brand and eventually positioned it as a hotel that offers cheaper and more affordable rate for its hotel service (Kerry Hotels, 2013). For example, â€Å"Traders Hotel† was established to serve the lodging needs of the price-sensitive clients worldwide (Traders Hotels, 2013). To serve the Chinese community in Beijing, Shangri-la established the â€Å"Kerry Hotel† sometime in 2011 (Kerry Hotels, 2013). 2.2 Advantages of Shangri-La’s Existing Branding Strategies Advertising is necessary to create brand familiarity or make Shangri- la’s target customers feel special and associated with the brand (Fuchs, 2008). Often times, brand familiarity increases not only the customers’

Asda: Strategic Management And Leadership

Asda: Strategic Management And Leadership INTRODUCTION This case will critically examine links between strategic management and leadership, impact of management and leadership styles on strategic decisions and how leadership styles adapted to different situations. Here I am going to use a case study from the choosing an organisation (ASDA) to view the relation between strategic management and leadership, and analyse how a new Strategic decision effect on the management and leadership. 1.1 ASDA ASDA is the second biggest supermarket chain in the UK. Since 1999 ASDA has been wholly owned by Wal-Mart which is the largest company in the world. ASDA was formed in 1965 by a group of farmers from Yorkshire, and its activities are still mainly based in north of Britain. [Corporate watch: ASDA Wal-Mart: overview]. 1.2 ASDA Mission, purpose and values ASDAs mission is: to be Britains best-value retailer exceeding customer needs always. ASDAs purpose is To make goods and services more affordable for everyone. ASDA also has a series of values. ASDAs values are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Respect for the individual à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Strive for excellence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Service to our customers. 2. Strategic management and Leadership 2.1- Strategic management- strategic management is the process of organisational objectives, developing policies and plans to achieve their objectives, and allocating resources to implement the plans. It is usually performed by the companys top management level such as CEO, Stakeholders and executive team. It provides all direction to the whole organisation. It can be described as a way of achieving overall organisational objectives. It is the process that involves analysis of external and internal environment, resources and competencies of the company. Basically it is a set of managerial decision and action that determines the long-run performance of an organisation. Peter Ducker, 1954. 1.2- Leadership- For every problem there is a solution. It often happens that the person best fitted to solve the problem is someone not directly connected with or influenced by it. Michael J. Dreikorn, 2003. Leadership is the position in an organisation that leads and motivates people to achieve the organisational goal. Leadership inspires others to take the appropriate action. In an organisation there should be a leader to lead the people or group. They take responsible of their people and support them through training and development in order to encourage effective contribution toward meeting organisational objectives. 2- Link between strategic management and Leadership The management and Leadership are basically the words referred to as equivalent and in most cases are comparable from the same position. Management and leadership are the two vital discipline of the organisation. These are most important for the people who are involved in managing a team, business, and organisation. Leadership and management are the skills that an organisation should possess through its chosen leader with the support of its management. Leadership is driven by the person in an organisation who guides the group to achieve the company goal. There is good understanding between the leader and group people to determine the ability and articulate visions and goals. Management is the process of planning, organising, maintaining, controlling the efforts of the organisation member and using all the organisational resources to achieve the stated organisational goal. James A.F stoner and Chales Wankel, 1986. Leaders stand out by being different. They question assumption and are suspicious of tradition. They seek out the truth and make decisions based on fact, not prejudice. They have a preference for innovation. John Fenton, 1990. 2.1- Strategic Management and Leadership (ASDA) As one of the UKs fastest growing retailers, the aim of ASDA to committed to building and operating stores in a sustainable for the benefit of the environment and the communities they serve. Its strategy is centred on its mission, purpose values, which guide to make business even better. Wal-Mart has carried out a plan, to grow ASDA over the next five years to become number two in grocery and British biggest non-food leader. ASDA Corporate website. ASDA people are the companys most important asset and source of competitive advantage. Its success depends on the strength their management, which build from manage with a disciplined process led by the CEO and the senior leadership team. Employees are working seriously going above and beyond the call of duty to get the job done under leadership. Every department has a good team leader to lead the employee in a proper manner towards the organisational goal. Wal-Mart management which owns ASDA appointed Andy Clarke as the new CEO. Andy Clarke joined ASDA in 1992, during his tenure Andy Clarke has been groomed by the dynamics of ASDA by working in variety of leadership roles. He used to work as a business unit director such as frozen, bakery and grocery. He has good leadership skills in which he can lead his people in store in effective manner. In a statement of Doug McMillan, the president and chief executive of Wal-Mart international, said: At Wal-Mart and ASDA, we have a robust succession planning and talent development process and Andy Clarke has long been identified as a leader. He joined at a difficult time when the company has slowdown in sales because of the food price inflation effect the sales across the sector. But Clarke has done a fantastic job within a couple of week and that leads him to high designation. He has announced a great deal with the deep discounter in UK called Netto. ASDA bought 193 Netto stores worth  £778m. The new CEO will lead the retailers efforts to become an even better food retailer, a broader non-food retailer and a leader out its plans to open a new chapter in its story and that over the five years. It had to be market leader in general merchandise and food. (www.your.asda.com, posted by Asda press team on 11May 2010). 3- Impact of Management and Leadership in ASDA The acquisition with Netto could get strength like small Tesco stores that will help to achieve its goal and becoming Britains biggest retailer of general merchandise. It is a great idea that ASDA can be a part of the market with the small stores in high streets. It is also targeting Home Retail Group, the owner of Argos and Home base. During its past five year strategy ASDA has increased its sales from  £15bn a year to  £20bn. It has created more than 30000 jobs in the process with opening new 70 stores in UK. CEO Andy Clarke has believed to have again creating thousands of new jobs at every level of growing business. Andy Clarke, CEO and president of ASDA said Through a combination of opening new stores, extending existing ones, converting Netto stores, and continuing to expand our grocery home shopping service we will create 7500 new roles throughout the country. We also currently have nearly 3000 vacancies on our jobs website. www.asda.com/press-centre. Conclusion As one of the largest retailer in the UK, in order to be successful, An organisation should think about customer satisfaction. It helps to the business to achieve their mission, purpose and values. The study reviewed, argues that the companies that demonstrate perform to a highly invest a lot of time placing customer at the centre of their strategy. However it also recognises that the challenging of managing people is one of the most difficult jobs for a manager. Introduction A leading in an environment which is characterised by useful resources, an uncertain and unpredictable economic environment where the competition is constantly increasing and extremely challenging as no clear direction of an organisation. In an organisation change is tough and always has been. When change has become the order of the day, it is most important is having the right leadership team. This is why having a leadership strategy is the key. Change is tough and always has been. Many executives arent good at leading change because they dont understand the importance of making critical changes in how their companies are led, not just in how they operate. William Pasmore, 2008. When we planning to adopt a new strategy, we do have always some questions, which are- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What style of leadership will be required? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ How would we need to lead differently? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Do we have the right leaders to lead? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ If not what are we going to do about it? Leadership Theory Many leadership theories have been suggested for a leader to support an organisation. An earlier most of the leadership theories are based on the behaviour and qualities of successful leaders but later on it focused on the role of associates and follower. The following review and discussion of leadership theories may argue that demanding new approaches that encourage a more collective and unpredictable rearrangement view of leadership and leadership development and sharing the role of leader more widely within organisation. Situational Leadership Theory The theory is more likely tied to using the style needed to be a successful leader in work environment. The leader is able to create much leadership style as changing situation. The Hersey-Blanchard Model of leadership also takes a situational perspective of leadership. In this theory the developmental situation of a leaders subordinates play the biggest role in determining. It is based on the amount of task behaviour and relationship behaviour. In task behaviour the leader engages in duties and responsibility to an individual or a group. The task behaviour is like, what to do, how to do, when to do, where to do and whos to do it. In this behaviour the leaders are used one-way communication. In other way the relationship behaviour is the extent to which leaders are communicating in two-way by creating socio-emotional support. When determining the appropriate leadership style, according to Blanchard the key situational variable is the developmental level of subordinates. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Directing: The leader produce specific directions and clear instructions. For the low follower this is the best matched. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Coaching: The leaders two- way communication helps to build confidence and motivation of the follower. The leader has responsibility and controls decision making. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Supporting: In this style the share decisions making between the leader and followers expect the relationship to be directive. Participating style is the best preferred to a moderate follower readiness level. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Delegating: In this style the leader is still involved in decision making with the group. It helps to make solution of the problem but the control is with the followers. In this style the followers are decide when to take the leader involved. Transformational leadership Theory The transformational leadership theory is occurring when one or more people engage, in which the leader and followers raise one another to higher levels of motivation. For an example Mahatma Gandhi is a transformational leader. He satisfied the required of the followers. But instead of riding those require he remained seek to high purpose. The transformational leadership theory is focused on the hypothesis that the leaders can satisfy a need of the follower. The needs are always high order needs and are closely aligned with the internal motivation of the follower. Bernard Bass developed the transforming leadership where the leaders transform the followers. It is very closer to the prototype leadership in which the follower have in mind they describe their leader and provide a role model in which subordinates want to identify. He purposed that there is a special power in transforming leadership with leaders may transform both leaders and followers. Transformational leadership- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Is preoccupied with purposes and values, morals and ethics. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Builds on a mans need for meaning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Is orientated along long-term goal and focuses more on missions and strategies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Identifying and developing new idea à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Designs and restructure jobs to make them meaningful and challenging Leadership Strategy of Shell Shell is a global group of energy and petrochemical companies. The parent company of the Shell group is Royal Dutch Shell plc. This is incorporated in England and Wales. The strategy of this group is seeks to reinforce the position as a leader in the oil and gas industry in order to provide a competitive shareholder. The leadership strategy used by Shell includes these elements as bellow; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Builds shared vision à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Maximises business opportunities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Champions customer focus à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Demonstrates professional mastery à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Displays personal effectiveness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Motivates, coaches and develops à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Values differences à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Delivers results With a current market capitalisation of 292 billion dollars (2009), 278 billion dollars in annual review, operation in more than 150 countries, Shell is one of the largest businesses, but never as one of the fastest. With its 100 year history, its deep sense of tradition, and its carefully and longevity, but never as one of creativity or innovation. They use old traditional theory like authoritative style of leadership which based on upward directions. Leaders are creating strategy for the team and work with the subordinates on these policies. The rules and regulation made by the leaders are followed by the team members. Steve Miller, group managing director of the Shell group of companies, who guide the day to day activities, but two year after the company had lunched transformational leadership style. The upper level managers had shown their efforts, but employee morale continued to slip. Suggestion A successful organisation depends on leadership and a new approach to providing it. The leader has to find the proper vision to empower these frontline people, to challenge them, to provide them with their required resources and hold them accountable. As the followers are struggling with challenge, the leader becomes their coach, teacher and as well as facilitator. As employee move upwards in an organisation, they get caught up in board strategic issues, legal issues, stakeholder issues. They need a common understanding of the business which drives execution. Conclusion The review of leadership theory and example in use to the Shell group of company it would conclude that a limited version of transformational leadership is being promoted. The qualities and behaviour exhibited by the leader that encourages the followers participation, development and commitment. Leader is seen to act as a visionary equipped with a set of goal though communication, problem solving, people management, decision making, etc. that can be applied a diverse range of situations. TASK-3 Planning For Leadership Introduction Today the business environment is quite fast paces with the changing economy rapidly. There is a need for an organisation to implement competitive advantage, such as identify the sources of competitive advantage, implementing them and how to defend them. Organisations are using financial resources to get an edge over their competitors. They could also reliable their human resources or another is through implementation of technological changes. With all these, it can be tricky for an organisation to balance the three aspects. Porter, 1985. Virtual Organisation The word virtual organization is to be called as a network of independent organisation. The firms are temporarily join together to produce a service or product. It is consult with such term as virtual teams, virtual office, and virtual leadership. Advance information technology becomes an important element. That is why the success of a virtual organisation. Computerised information systems allow employees from geographically dispersed location to link up with one another. Virtual team members need to learn new skills like they are total lack or face to face contact. So they need the skill is the ability to interact with everyone in an effective manner. Another one is the ability to assimilate quickly and effectively into new teams. They may need computer based technologies as well as intercultural skills to work effectively in multinational organisations. Virtual leaders required new skills to lead in the different environment to virtual operations and sustain virtual relationship with internal as well as external constituents to support their team. For an example; like Apple computer and Sun Microsystems. When Apple computer linked its easy- to-use software with Sonys manufacturing skills in miniaturization, Apple was able to get product to market quickly and gain a market share in the notebook of the PC industry. Mergers and Take Overs Mergers and takeovers are an action of an organisation. They turn two companies in a single legal entity. Two organisation combine together to improve the organisational performance and shareholders value over the long time period. Historically mergers are occur in periodic burst, typically included by economic shocks such as, changing environment, cost of goods, deregulation, technology, political uncertainty and demand reduction. During the period of corporate change leadership has a profound effect on stakeholders. ASDA has announced in May 2010 that it is to take over Netto store. This is the great example of horizontal integration. This will increase their market share and to compete with Tesco. e- Leadership E-Leadership means a balancing many roles and carrying them out via communications technologies. Leadership is not only a job or a position; it is a way of being the world. As an e-leadership in the world today, it need to bring people together around the world, through national, geographic and cultural, using communications technologies tools to achieve the strategic goal. E-Leadership takes place in the context of e-environment in which the work is mediated by information technology particularly the internet (Hani, 2001). Development of leadership skills Everyone can develop their capacity to lead a party or a committee, or a group. When someone already committed, and practised using their capabilities in their life, they can develop their own skills as a leader. Mainly leadership skills are the skills that can use in various situations. This type of skills called as situational theory. It does not mean that assessing the leadership styles will identify the strength and weakness, but it can be develop the leadership skills. Golden Rule at Work- The skills which we used at work every day like the way treating others is wish to be treated. It is not always easy as it sounds. In an organisation leaders need to keep balance of short term results and long term job satisfaction. Coaching and Teaching- some leadership skills has to develop with the help of coaching and teaching as well. This is especially effective, where leaders may be lead as expert and should be interested in the development of the group or people. In this situation leader can develop coaching skills by face to face with others. Delegating Task- Delegating task is not only giving the work to someone and runaway. It is not only extra knowledge or experience for the co-worker, but it works in trust. This type of skill can be develop by giving less task, which could be complete by the certain time with a good result. As the task become easy to do and comfortable leader can start delegating more and more difficult tasks. Democracy at Work- This type of skill we said simply encouraging independent at work. It allows the co-workers to believe they have right direction the team is going. It can be say democratic leadership styles. Among them they discussing with others that often comes with freedom to take any decisions, while it takes a long time. Emotional Intelligence Leadership Skills- Emotional intelligence skills are in natural and leading other with successfully interacting through people. The skill helps the leader to understand the dynamic of those interactions. Self-Awareness is our ability to determined that the position of the leader by self. It is the ability to understand the emotions, moods, and motivations. Self-Regulation is the skills that more responsibility with control the emotions. It controls the emotions which will be counter productivity to desire the goal. Motivational Skills- Motivation skills come from external source, like managers recognition for a job well done, and internal sources like self-motivation or internal motivation. As a leader it is very important to identify the key which motivates more at work. Empathy Skills- It is the skills that involves in the relationship with the co-worker. It is ability to understand someones point view. The skill has the ability to understand the impact change on someone else. Social Skills- To develop these skills you need to be socialise others. It works in networking style in a work setting. The followers need to listen their leader and take interest on listening. Need to be able to develop and guide followers using social skills. Conclusion Without any leadership, most strategic plans of an organisation will end up as dead piece of paper.

Characterizing the Religious Encounter between Moravians and Saramakas

Characterizing the Religious Encounter between Moravians and Saramakas When Moravians in Germany sent three missionaries to Suriname in 1765 to witness to the Saramakas, two groups with unique and fundamentally different cultural, social, and religious beliefs and structures met. During the course of their stay, the Moravians were hounded by disease and disappointed by the poor reception of the gospel; meanwhile, the Saramakas were plagued with inter-tribal rivalries and poor relations with the white government officials and plantation owners, with whom they maintained an unsteady peace. These circumstances, as well as the many ways in which Moravian and Saramaka expectations and social behavior differed, created a barrier between the two groups. Because the Moravians entered Saramaka society in small numbers and with no pretense of using political force or monetary bribery (the latter of which the Saramakas would likely have accepted) to force conversions, the extent of their influence on Saramaka religion and culture was limited. Though there was s ome cultural exchange, including the adoption of European manufactured goods into Saramaka life and the adoption of some Saramaka medical treatments by the Moravians, for the Moravians and for the majority of Saramakas, the religious encounter was a meeting of mutually closed worlds. For a handful of Saramakas, including Alabi, an apparently true conversion took place. In addition to the few converts, there were a small number (Brother Wietz reports twelve in 1779) of Saramakas who came to Christian services regularly, and thus were interested in and perhaps persuaded to some degree by the missionaries’ message, but made no commitment to or identification with Christianity and c... ...vian presence certainly changed the lives of a few Saramakas, but did not make a great impact on Saramaka society as a whole. The missionaries who died or returned to Germany did not manage to build relationships with the Saramaka community as a whole and could not count Suriname as one of their fruitful mission endeavors. Conversion was rare, and the syncretism formed after the Moravians introduced Christianity was admonished by the Moravians themselves and short-lived in any case. The current presence of Christianity, or some syncretic form, among a minority of Saramakas is probably not derived from the Moravians. Though Christian stories and the Moravian presence will never be forgotten because of their importance in the life of the gaama Alabi, the importance of the encounter with Moravians is restricted to a specific place and time in Saramaka history.

Capitalism and leisure

Capitalism depends on a continuous sense of dissatisfaction to exist.   The temporary relief experienced by dissatisfied workers engaging in leisure activities such as shopping is not caused by the acquisition of an object, but rather is produced through the action of conspicuous consumption of those objects.   In other words, the relief is felt during the pursuit of certain objects and the exchange of money for goods, but diminishes almost immediately once the desired object is obtained. IPods and MySpace are recent examples that seem to bear this out.   The acquisition of an IPod necessitates the pursuit of music and the desire to perpetually obtain more music, while MySpace consumes massive amounts of free time and functions by the constant acquisition of â€Å"friends†.   They cannot create satisfaction in their original state; they only create satisfaction through the promise of acquiring infinitely more. Leisure activities such as attending the movies, on the other hand, produce temporary satisfaction through the conspicuous consumption of personal time and diminishes shortly after the movie ends.   Marx and Singer are correct in their assertion that life in the modern era is essentially dissatisfying: the capitalist economy could not exist without a pervasive and perpetual sense of dissatisfaction. However, the assumption that workers who are not alienated from their labor are generally more satisfied seems to discount other concomitant factors, such as the spirituality and close personal and family relationships that both capitalism and communism discount as irrelevant or unnecessary to life in the modern era.   Both can be considered leisure activities, and both have been reported to produce levels of satisfaction among those who participate in these types of activities.

The ways in which Thomas Hardy uses setting to help portray Tess feelings Essays

The ways in which Thomas Hardy uses setting to help portray Tess feelings Essays The ways in which Thomas Hardy uses setting to help portray Tess feelings Paper The ways in which Thomas Hardy uses setting to help portray Tess feelings Paper Essay Topic: Literature In 1891 Thomas Hardy published the novel Tess of the DUrbervilles which is a story based on the life and times of a farm girl named Tess. Tess is a 17 year old girl of lower class whose family horse dies in an accident and her family are struggling for money so Tess goes to visit distant relatives to ask to borrow money to help support her family. While with her relatives she meets her cousin Alec. She leaves the DUrbervilles home pregnant with Alecs baby and goes back to live with her parents. She gives birth to a baby boy and names him Sorrow who later becomes ill and dies. Three years later Tess falls in love with a man called Angel, they get married however Tess confesses to what happened with Alec and Angel leaves her. Tess meets Alec who is a supposed changed man and he has become a preacher. Tess tells him about Sorrow and he convinces Tess that Angel is never coming back and she goes back to live with him. After a few months living with Alec, Angel returns to find Tess and tell her he still loves her. Tess murders Alec and runs after Angel and they run away together, however not long after they are caught and Tess is hanged for the murder of Alec. The story starts off by introducing Tess whos living in Marlott with her family and going to market with her horse. They have an accident on the way there and the horse is killed. So Tess leaves her home and goes to find her family to borrow some money to help her family. In Chapter 14 Tess goes back to live with her family and is pregnant with Alecs baby who soon becomes ill and is dying. Tess doesnt want her child to die without being christened so she christens him herself (as the vicar refuses to christen him because he was born out of wedlock. and names him Sorrow. Sorrow dies that night and Tess buries him at night in a graveyard in Marlott. Thomas Hardy uses the setting to portray the feelings Tess has and the situation she is in. For example in the opening sentence of chapter 14 the scenery is described as a hazy sunrise in August. August is the season when all the plants begin to die and all leaves fall off the trees, also it is the season just before winter which is described as the most miserable season portraying that things to come are going to get worse for Tess. At the end of chapter 14 when Tess buries Sorrow in the churchyard that night. The darkness is another way of showing Tess feelings that her life is dark and empty now without her baby and she is ashamed but she has no reason to be. Also her burying her child at night shows Hardys feelings about the situation as that he disagrees with what Tess had to go through. Chapter 16 starts with Tess leaving her home to get away from her past and start a new life. Seasons are used again to show the feelings of Tess as spring after her winter. Spring is the season of new life and re-growth relating to the plants and animals. Spring after her winter suggests Tess is starting over again and her life is looking up compared for her past months which are described as her winter. However within the bright scenery there is what is described as a dark patch in the scenery where her useless ancestors were buried. This signifies the dark patch on her life that will always be there to remind her of what Alec did to her but she is moving on with her life. Chapters 43 and 47 are after Angel leaves her and she goes to work in Flintcomb Ash. This is a really low point in Tess life as the labour is hard and she is revisited by Alec. Alec finds out about there son Sorrow and is angry at first but invites Tess to come and live with him. Alec is a supposed changed man and is now a Preacher. He convinces Tess Angel is never coming back for her and so she goes to live with him. Thomas Hardys descriptions of the scenery around Tess and the way he portrays Tess feelings plays a major part in the novel piecing the story together and helping the reader really understand the story and relate to Tess. Hardy can also do this by using techniques such as pathetic fallacy and similes the weather intentness of youth gives life attacked takes it away. . Hardys descriptions also shows you how he felt about the way Tess was treated and how he feels about how life was back like how he disagrees with the way that women we treated and how they had no rights. This has a big effect on todays audience and also the audience of back when the novel was written. It would make the audience realise how unfair the way women were treated was and maybe make them think more about the rights women should have. For todays audience it makes you see how much society has changed and the views on women have improved and how both sexes are treated equally now in comparison with in the 1890s when the novel was published. I feel that without Hardys descriptions of setting the novel would not be interesting and as gripping and you wouldnt feel so close and involved with the characters. His descriptions really make the story more intense and interesting.

Free Essays on Catch 22

When Heller began his writing career in the late 1940s, he turned his back on traditional methods of story telling. He seemed to resent the "realism" of the conventional mode of fiction with its rational structure, its assumptions of continuity in plot, situation, and character, and its neat attempts to draw well-defined resolutions. His own experience as an airman in World War II caused him to distrust the cause-and effect relation of surface reality as something merely superficial which captured only outer reality. So in his fiction, Heller developed a structure and style that suited the absurdities in public and private life that he observed around him. The dislocation of episodic continuity serves a dual purpose. Some of the events are juxtaposed not on the basis of chronology but randomly so as to highlight their inter-relationship and to emphasize certain ironic contrasts. Besides, the episodes of the novel are so structured as to create a gradually increasing tension through the sinister events represented in them. Heller gives us several accounts, scattered over various chapters, of the catastrophic events in Yossarian’s plane leading up to a death. Each attempt at narrating the gory details serves to intensify the traumatic impact it has on the morale and psyche of Yossarian. The overall time structure of the novel does acquire some chronological continuity through the intermittent repetition of certain crucial incidents. Recurrent references include the monumental growth of Minderbinder’s black-market operations, the death of Snowden; Cathcart’s rising of the number of missions, and Orr’s repeated ditching of his planes at sea. Catch-22 depicts the absurdities and excesses of life in wartime conditions; on the other hand, it castigates the insanity and inhumanity of bureaucratic systems both in wartime and in peace. It is not surprising, then that the postwar generation of the 1950s and 1960s identi... Free Essays on Catch 22 Free Essays on Catch 22 When Heller began his writing career in the late 1940s, he turned his back on traditional methods of story telling. He seemed to resent the "realism" of the conventional mode of fiction with its rational structure, its assumptions of continuity in plot, situation, and character, and its neat attempts to draw well-defined resolutions. His own experience as an airman in World War II caused him to distrust the cause-and effect relation of surface reality as something merely superficial which captured only outer reality. So in his fiction, Heller developed a structure and style that suited the absurdities in public and private life that he observed around him. The dislocation of episodic continuity serves a dual purpose. Some of the events are juxtaposed not on the basis of chronology but randomly so as to highlight their inter-relationship and to emphasize certain ironic contrasts. Besides, the episodes of the novel are so structured as to create a gradually increasing tension through the sinister events represented in them. Heller gives us several accounts, scattered over various chapters, of the catastrophic events in Yossarian’s plane leading up to a death. Each attempt at narrating the gory details serves to intensify the traumatic impact it has on the morale and psyche of Yossarian. The overall time structure of the novel does acquire some chronological continuity through the intermittent repetition of certain crucial incidents. Recurrent references include the monumental growth of Minderbinder’s black-market operations, the death of Snowden; Cathcart’s rising of the number of missions, and Orr’s repeated ditching of his planes at sea. Catch-22 depicts the absurdities and excesses of life in wartime conditions; on the other hand, it castigates the insanity and inhumanity of bureaucratic systems both in wartime and in peace. It is not surprising, then that the postwar generation of the 1950s and 1960s identi...

Communication Problems in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communication Problems in Business - Essay Example Let me start with the latter issue because of its great importance. Imagine 300 people from several dozens of countries talking in different languages, exchanging diverse cultures and dissimilar professional experience — now you can see the problem: how could be the same information delivered to all members of the conference with the acceptable level of comprehension? The problem must be solved using two means: proper language use and no jargon. Modern technology allows us to use multiple simultaneous interpreters translating a report do lots of different languages at a time. Use of jargon is a more dangerous issue because many specialists often underestimate its true harm. To ensure clarity of the information presented at the conference, it must be checked for omitting slangy terms, which vary greatly from place to place and therefore can be a disaster to understanding. The next issue to be considered is the urgency of the information. Needless to say, people invited to the c onference expect to hear something new and useful. It is as important as the urgent information told in time in the internal company environment. Therefore we must make sure that our conference won’t be a museum-like into the past of fibre optics. Finally, the comprehensiveness of the information relates to the level of trust our company deserves. It is often a sad fact when a business implements greater secrecy than it is needed. Oppositely, â€Å"many organizations are now considering a relatively new philosophy called Open Book Management for this very reason.

APPLEs Innovation Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

APPLEs Innovation Strategy - Essay Example The company has been able to bring together its employees, consumers, partners, providers and suppliers on such a platform where they form a winning culture guaranteeing organizational growth. Apple’s innovative strategy has been able to give the company skyrocketing revenue and net profit since year 2000. The strategy is to being about place-based innovation, which means bringing forth innovative ideas within the same environment again and again. â€Å"Sometimes when you innovate, you make mistakes. It's best to admit them quickly and get on with improving your other innovations†, says Steve Jobs (as cited in Martins, 2011). Jobs believes that innovation can only be done with excellence if the leader is able to accept his labor doing mistakes and then correcting them through learning. The innovative strategy also focuses more on how the design works rather than how it looks to the buyer. This actually makes the customers like the new product more. Apple’s innova tive strategy also involves team work rather than relying on individual effort. This and many other features of Apple’s innovative strategy make Apple one of the most profound and creative organizations in the world.

Currency exchange futures Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Currency exchange futures - Research Paper Example F) may be traded in any of the three ways: 1) At an Exchange regulated by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) 2) At an exchange regulated by the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC). 3) Off-Exchange, also known as Over the Counter (OTC) Market. A buyer interacts directly with a seller and there is no exchange or clearing house to support the transaction. CEF being part of Foreign Exchange trading begins Monday morning in Sydney, Australia (Sunday afternoon in the United States) and moves around the globe as business days begin in financial centers from Tokyo to London to New York, ending with the close of trading Friday afternoon in New York. Anything that happens anywhere in the world at any time of the day or night affects the Forex market immediately without waiting for an exchange to open before the effects can be seen. The Forex market is always open for trading. CEF can be traded electronically and hence positions can be opened and closed in realtime. CEF has the advantage of High leverage, the margins are low and hence small amount of investment can give control of sizeable position. With a minor positive movement would result in higher returns on investment. The disadvantage being that a minor negative movement would result in erosion of your funds. The most popular currency futures market is the EUR futures market, which is based upon the Euro to US Dollar exchange rate. The most popular currency futures are provided by the CME Group (formerly the Chicago Mercantile Exchange), and include the following futures markets: Currency futures trade Futures Contracts that are worth a specific amount of the underlying currency. For example, the EUR futures contract is worth $125,000. Date of delivery is also pre-determined like third Wednesday of jan, march, June,etc. The specifications of each contract in the currency futures market states the contract value, minimum price change (tick size) and the price change value (tick value). For Individual

Shinto Illustration Essay Example for Free

Shinto Illustration Essay There are many religions in the world. Some are more well-known than others. One of the lesser known Asian religions is the Japanese religion, Shinto. Unless a person travels to Japan or can interact with someone who is willing to share a little about his or her religion, no one will know anything about it. Shinto is ancient native religion of Japan still practiced in a form modified by the influence of Buddhism and Confucianism (Infoplease.com, 2014). According to Molloy (2013), â€Å"Shinto has no known person or group as its founder. In fact, its mysterious origins date back to the ancient people of Japan and their stories of how the world came into being.† Its followers of this religion rarely know the name of the deity they are worshiping, nor do they care to, because their concern lies in whether they can feel its existence. Many aspects contribute to Shintoism in its entirety including nature, the kami, shrines, ceremonies, purification, and festivals. It wasn’t until the invasion of Buddhism into Japan that forces the people to give the religion its name. The main aspects of the practice of Shinto are affinity with natural beauty, harmony with spirits, and purification rituals. The people believe in the divine to be all around them because the beauty and power of nature surrounded them. However, Shinto is more than a nature religion; it also has ethnic and family dimensions. The people of Japan also worship the spirits of their departed ancestors or great leaders of the past. As it has already mentioned; the entry of Buddhism into Japan in the sixth century AD force Shinto to define itself. It then became a complicated process because Shinto belief is so similar to that of the Mahayana Buddhism. Even with the influence of Buddhism and Confucianism, Shinto did not die out. In fact, it took a man name Mutsuhito to step up to the plate and take over the reign of Emperor to get things moving and reinstate the Shinto religion to its fullest capacity. Shinto even became a  national religion, where shrines received national status and priest became official government employees. Unfortunately, it did not stay that way. Japans defeat in World War II brought the disentanglement of the State Shinto; the Emperor destroyed its chief foundation as well as denouncing his divinity. Shinto shrines were returned to private religious practice, and all religions were equal footing. Theoretically, Shinto became strictly private religion but in reality it retains a special place in national life (Molloy, 2013). In its present form; Shinto is characterized less by religious doctrine or belief than by the observance of popular festivals, traditional ceremonies, and customs, many involving pilgrimages to shrines. Currently, there is no dogmatic and no formulated code of morals (Infoplease.com, 2014). However, Shinto practice is usually wherever large Japanese communities exist. The common religious practice that still exists today are worship at Shrines, Celebration of the New Year, Observance of the seasons and nature, and other Shinto practices such as daily worships in an individual’s home. Reference: Infoplease.com: Shinto. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/society/shinto-history-development.html Molloy, M. (2013). Experiencing The Worlds Religions: Traditions, Challenge, and Change (6th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection.

Aggressive Contests in Male Jumping Spiders

Aggressive Contests in Male Jumping Spiders Tutorial of Elias et al.s Assessment during aggressive contests between male jumping spiders Assessment strategies are a vital factor in game theoretical models of contests. In contests animals may engage in mutual assessment; where individuals assess both their own and their opponents resource holding potential (RHP) and make decisions based on estimated differences (Prenter et al, 2006; Briffa, 2008). Alternatively, they may partake in self-assessment, in which individuals set thresholds based on their own RHP (Prenter et al, 2006; Briffa, 2008). Using a statistical methodology which enables the distinction between assessment strategies, the study examined contests in Phidippus clarus, a common jumping spider.The study had three main aims: to determine whether substrate-borne signals are important in aggressive contests, the assessment strategies used in contests, and the factors that decide contest outcomes. Adult and penultimate male and female P. clarus were collected. They were individually housed in the laboratory for a minimum of 4 days to allow them to acclimate prior to use. The experimental arena was a plastic cylinder with petroleum jelly on the inside of the wall to prevent spiders escaping. In order to avoid visual disturbances, an opaque paper ring was placed around the cylinder. Graph paper was used as the arena floor, this allowed movement to be measured. It was replaced after every two trials to prevent chemical cue build up. An empty female nest was placed in the center of the arena. To begin with a removable barrier split the arena into two equal sections. Randomly selected males were placed in separate halves and left to acclimate for 5 minutes. The barrier enabled acclimation and removed potential ownership effects. Contests were observed and substrate-borne vibrations were recorded using a laser droppler vibrometer. Contests were terminated after three bouts, a male was considered to have won a bout when the rival male turned away and retreated more than two body lengths. Male behaviours during aggressive interactions were divided into two phases: the precontact phase and the contact phase. The contact phase began when the two spiders started to leg fence. During the precontact phase males produced substrate-borne signals. The signals generally preceded movement toward rivals and rarely preceded retreat. Following the contests, males were weighed and digitally photographed to measure patella-tibia length and cephalothorax width. These measurements were used a s an indicator of size. A range of statistical analysis was performed on the data. A statistical methodology outlined by Taylor and Elwood (2003) and Morrell et al (2005) was used to distinguish assessment strategies. The results indicated that contest duration, particularly contact phases, were based predominantly on self-assessment and to a lesser degree mutual assessment. It was suggested that males may shift between self-assessment and mutual assessment as more information becomes available or more reliable. In the case of partial mutual assessment, as more rival assessment occurs, a negative correlation will grow between winner weight and contest duration (Prenter et al, 2006). The study found a nonsignificant negative relationship between winner weight and contest duration. This is congruous with partial mutual assessment. It was suggested that relying more heavily on self-assessment to determine contest duration may be an economical strategy that avoids the costs of mutual assessment. Mutual assessment requires energetic demands to detect and process a rivals signals, as well as needing time to process the information in order to make accurate decisions. These costs would be heightened if the signals were unreliable. Hence, self-assessment enables the individual to pay only the costs they are willing to but maintain a high probability of winning against inferior rivals. Â   The male jumping spiders used multimodal signals during aggressive interactions: visual and substrate-borne. Substrate-borne vibrations appeared to be of particular importance, given that the number of vibratory signals accurately predicted the contest outcome. More actively signaling males were more likely to win.ÂÂ   Additionally, precontact phase duration was based on relative vibration behaviour. Males which vibrated at similar rates had shorter precontact phases. Figure.1 Effect of experience on contests. (a) Differences between contest phase duration in different bouts. Both precontact and contact phase duration were significantly reduced after initial contests. (b) Difference between vibrational signalling between different contest bouts. **P et al, 2008) 53/56 of the males that won the first bout went on to win all three bouts. The study found contest experience affected males signalling rate. While winners signalled repeatedly at a similar rate, losers significantly decreased the rate at which they signalled after losing the first bout (Fig. 1b). As well as this, experience affected the time that males spent in contest. Both precontact and contact phases were notably shorter in the second and third bouts (Fig.1a). This indicates that experience effects are important for multiple contests with the same opponent in P. clarus. In the field, males would most likely escape after losing a single contest, so repeated bouts with the same individual may be rare. However, these results important because they highlight that experience, especially losing experience, can influence subsequent behaviours. Following these results an area that needed more research is the impact of experience on future contests with new rivals and the duration of the se effects. This is addressed in a later paper by Kasumovic et al (2010). They found that winner and loser effects have a similar magnitude, but loser effects persist longer. They also found previous experience alters actual fighting ability. They suggested that experience should be integrated into models, particularly when competitive signals or traits are unreliable. Arnott and Elwood (2009) also wrote a subsequent paper which encouraged game theorists to update models. The paper explored how the abilities of contestants to assess RHP influences fights. The paper cited Elias et al (2008) to support the existence of partial mutual assessment. They stated that strategies, such as partial mutual assessment, point to limitations of current game theory models. Arnott and Elwoods (2009) work has been influential, with further work finding winner and loser effects change with age, which is often a disregarded factor in studies (Fawcett and Johnstone, 2010). References Arnott, G. and Elwood, R.W. (2009) Assessment of fighting ability in animal contests, Animal Behaviour, 77(5), pp. 991-1004. Bridge, A.P., Elwood, R.W. and Dick, J.T.A. (2000) Imperfect assessment and limited information preclude optimal strategies in male-male fights in the orb-weaving spider Metellina mengei, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 267(1440), pp. 273-279. Briffa, M. (2008) Decisions during fights in the house cricket, Acheta domesticus: Mutual or self assessment of energy, weapons and size?, Animal Behaviour, 75(3), pp. 1053-1062. Elias, D.O., Kasumovic, M.M., Punzalan, D., Andrade, M.C.B. and Mason, A.C. (2008) Assessment during aggressive contests between male jumping spiders, Animal Behaviour, 76(3), pp. 901-910. Fawcett, T.W. and Johnstone, R.A. (2010) Learning your own strength: Winner and loser effects should change with age and experience, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 277(1686), pp. 1427-1434. Kasumovic, M.M., Elias, D.O., Sivalinghem, S., Mason, A.C. and Andrade, M.C.B. (2010) Examination of prior contest experience and the retention of winner and loser effects, Behavioral Ecology, 21(2), pp. 404-409. Morrell, L.J., Backwell, P.R.Y. and Metcalfe, N.B. (2005) Fighting in fiddler crabs Uca mjoebergi: What determines duration?, Animal Behaviour, 70(3), pp. 653-662. Prenter, J., Elwood, R.W. and Taylor, P.W. (2006a) Self-assessment by males during energetically costly contests over precopula females in amphipods, Animal Behaviour, 72(4), pp. 861-868. Prenter, J., Elwood, R.W. and Taylor, P.W. (2006b) Self-assessment by males during energetically costly contests over precopula females in amphipods, Animal Behaviour, 72(4), pp. 861-868. Taylor, P.W. and Elwood, R.W. (2003) The mismeasure of animal contests, Animal Behaviour, 65(6), pp. 1195-1202.